Early Detection Species of Concern on Kauaʻi. Supplement to A Field Guide to Early Detection of Invasive Plants and Animals on Kauaʻi

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1 Early Detection Species of Concern on Kauaʻi Supplement to A Field Guide to Early Detection of Invasive Plants and Animals on Kauaʻi Supplement Volume 1: 2012

2 Early Detection Species of Concern Early Detection Species of Concern are highly invasive plant species thought to be in limited distribution on Kauai. KISC is working on surveying these species for possible control. Please report any sightings. All species listed should be discouraged from planting or propagating. Common Name Species Page Wax Myrtle Morella cerifera 3 Feathertop Grass Pennisetum villosum 4 Barbados gooseberry Pereskia aculeate 5 Salt Cedar Tamarix aphylla 6 Indian Devil Tree Alstonia macrophylla 7 Bishop Wood Bischofia javanica 8 Princessvine/Season Vine Rubbervine Cissus verticillata 9 Cryptostegia madagascariensis Chinese privet Ligustrum sinense 11 Grape Ivy Cissus nodosa 12 Velvetleaf glorybower Clerodendrum macrostegium Tubaroot/Poisonvine Derris elliptica 14 Brown Salwood Acacia mangium

3 Wax Myrtle Morella cerifera Description: M. cerifera is an evergreen shrub or small tree growing up to 35. The multiple crooked trunks are covered in a smooth, grayish-white bark. The olive green leaves are 3 long with serrated top edges growing in an alternate pattern. Flowers are grayish-white, less than 1/8 in diameter. The grayish-blue fruit is ¼ wide and grows in dense clusters along the twigs. The fruit is heavily coated with a smooth wax. Impacts: M. cerifera forms dense thickets and promotes fire frequency. M. cerifera is a major Florida agriculture weed, dominating the pastures. It becomes weedy with its rapid growth and frequent suckering from trunk base and roots. WRA: 20 Origin, Distribution, and Habitat: M. cerifera is native to the coastal southeastern United Sates. M. cerifera was first introduced to Maui in 1932, other island distribution is unknown. M. cerifera grows in a variety of habitats: wetlands, lava flows, sand dunes, salt tolerant. Forest and Kim Starr Forest and Kim Starr Forest and Kim Starr Dispersal, Seed bank, and Maturity: The major method of seed dispersal is by birds. Underground runners extend the growth locally. M. cerifera is not self-compatible. M. cerifera forms a seed bank. Seedlings will mature in 3 years. 3

4 Feathertop Grass Pennisetum villosum Description: P. villosum is a perennial clumping grass growing up to 3 tall. The leaf-blades are flat and light-green. The stems are round with distinctive feathery seedheads and can grow 2-5 long. The inflorescence is a panicle of clustered spikelets surrounded by white bristles. Impacts: P. villosum forms dense clumps that will dominate an infested area. This is a firepromoting grass that recovers quickly after fire. It is not a good pasture grass and it degrades the quality of pasture lands. WRA: 24 Magnus Manske Alvesgaspar Origin, Distribution, and Habitat: P. villosum is native to Africa and Arabia and was first noted on Big Island in Other island distribution unknown. Ornamental plant that is cultivated. Dispersal, Seed bank, and Maturity: Seeds spread by wind, water, and contaminated soil, machinery and animals. P. villosum is self-pollinating. Spreads vegetatively by rhizomes and root segments in soil. Prolific seeder but seedling establishment is usually poor. Seeds mature in 1-2yrs.

5 Barbados gooseberry Pereskia aculeata Description: P. aculeata is a woody shrub when young and grows into a climbing, leafy cactus, with branches up to 33 long. There are clustered spines along the stems. Leaves are smooth blades 2.5 long. The fragrant flowers are white, pale yellow, or aging to pink and can be lemon, sweet, or repulsive smelling. The fruit is smooth with green leafy protuberances, 1-2 in diameter, and round yellow-red berries. Kauderwelsch Joao de Deus Medeiros Impacts: P. aculeata has a tendency to form large, impenetrable clumps; it is extremely thorny with spines on both the trunks and vines. The spiny thickets displace native plants and affect wildlife habitats. P. aculeata completely destroys patches of forest by growing up into the canopy and smothering the trees. WRA: 13 Origin, Distribution, and Habitat: P. aculeata is native to the West Indies and the northern coast of South America. It was introduced to Hawaiʻi for horticulture. P. aculeata is currently being controlled on Molokaʻi and Oʻahu. Dispersal, Seed bank, and Maturity: Seeds are birddispersed fruit. Broken stem fragments will root. P. aculeate is not self-compatible. Maturity and seed bank unknown. Not a prolific seeder. 5

6 Salt Cedar Tamarix aphylla Description: T. aphylla is a large evergreen tree 30 in height. The scale-like leaves are small (1/16 long), gray-green in color, and overlap each other on the stem. They exude salt, which can form a crusted layer on the surface. The bark is smooth and reddish on young plants and turns brown and furrowed with age. When flowering, large numbers of pinkish white flowers form in dense masses on 2 long spikes at the branch tips. Impacts: T. aphylla is fast growing and forms extensive dense thickets. The deeply penetrating roots often intercept the water table and interfere with the watershed. The surface soil salinity increases due to salt excretion. Native plants and wildlife habitats are reduced. T. aphylla is a flood hazard becoming established along streams and trapping sedimentation. WRA: 13 Bidgee Origin, Distribution, & Habitat: T. aphylla is native to Africa and Asia. T. aphylla is present on all Hawaiian Islands. T. aphylla grows in desert scrub and washes, riparian habitats, and disturbed sited. It is salt tolerant and grows commonly along coastal areas. Dispersal, Seed bank, & Maturity: Spread by wind and water (broken limbs). Spread locally by suckers. T. aphylla will root from broken stems. Prolific seeder but seeds sprout quickly or are sterile. Seedling will mature in 3yrs.

7 Indian Devil Tree Alstonia macrophylla Description: A. macrophylla is a tall tree. The leaves grow in a whorl of three or four. The leaves are 6-20 long, 2-5 wide, with the widest in or above the middle. There are small (1/4 ) white flowers in the flower clusters on the end of branches. The fruits are 11 long and 1/10 in diameter, green grow in pairs. The pods are filled with many tiny hairy seeds. Impacts: A. macrophylla is an aggressive invader and rapidly spreads in disturbed forests. This plant has become a serious weed on Oahu. A. macrophylla is toxic to animals in large doses. WRA: 9 J.M. Garg Origin, Distribution, and Habitat: A. macrophylla is native to Sounthern Asia. It has become naturalized on the Big Island and is a serious weed on Oʻahu. Other island distribution unknown. Dispersal, Seed bank, and Maturity: A. macrophylla is selfpollinating. The seeds are primarily wind dispersed. The seed pod pairs are filled with many wind dispersed hairy seeds. No seed bank is formed. Fast maturity rate. J.M. Garg J.M. Garg 7

8 Bishop Wood Bischofia javanica Description: B. javanica is large tree (up to 60 tall), with a shady oval crown and a deep green foliage, turning red before falling. The thick bark is dark grey to brown. Leaves are 3 leaflets 4-6 long and wide. The greenish-yellow flowers are 1/10 in diameter. The round fruit is brown, orange, reddish or blue-black with a diameter of 1/3-2/3. Each fruit contains 1-2 seeds. Impacts: B. javanica invades undisturbed forests, forming dense shade and crowding out native trees. This tree is toxic to animals but is not a grazing source. B. javanica is also a garden pest, out growing its allotted space and it has aggressive far reaching surface roots. WRA: 7 Tau olunga Tau olunga Origin, Distribution, & Habitat: B. javanica is native to India, China, and Malesia. This tree is naturalized and spreading on Oʻahu. B. javanica is present on Molokaʻi. B. javanica preferred habitat is shady forests, swamp forests. It will grow in dry places but with stunted growth (12-18 ). Seedlings establish well under shady forest canopies. Dispersal, Seed bank, & Maturity: Birds distribute the seeds into natural areas and seed germination is high. B. javanica suckers easily from roots. B. javanica is not self-compatible. B. javanica is a prolific seeder but no seed bank is formed. Flowers annually from 8 years onwards.

9 Princess vine Description: C. verticillata is a large woody vine, frequently climbing over tall trees. The stems are thick, tough and very flexible. The leaves have large variation, they can be oblong or rounded, coarsely or finely serrated, smooth or with fine dense hairs and are 1 ½ to 6 long. Firm tendrils are opposite some leaves. The small flowers are green or yellowish and grow in clusters. The round fruit is black when mature. Each fruit has one seed inside. Cissus verticillata Impacts: C. verticillata is a climbing vine that will quickly cover many trees. It will blanket forest canopies and restrict plant growth. This pest is an agricultural weed to citrus crops in Texas, smothering the citrus groves. WRA: 12 Origin, Distribution, and Habitat: C. verticillata is native to Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico to Chile, and Argentina. C. verticillata has been seen on Oʻahu. Other island distribution unknown. Dispersal, Seed bank, and Maturity: C. verticillata seeds are water and bird dispersed. Oahu Early Detection (OISC) Cuttings will also root. The plant has many long aerial roots that dangle loosely from the tree branches and will root in the ground. 9

10 Rubbervine Cryptostegia madagascariensis Description: C. madagascariensis is a woody vine or shrub 6-9 tall if self-supported, but will climb up to 30 high. Its shiny, dark green leaves are 3 long. The flower petals join in a funnel at the base and are white, pink, or purple. The triangular seedpods are 4, grow in wing-like pairs, and are filled with tiny feathery seeds. It produces a poisonous white sap. Impacts: C. madagascariensis is an aggressive vine with scrambling branches likely to dominate disturbed forests and woodland communities. It is fast growing, quickly climbing other plants and restricting their growth. This pest utilizes soil moisture. Contact with all parts of this pest can cause dermatitis. If the dried dust of this plant is inhaled it can cause irritation and possible swelling to eyes, nose, and throat. If eaten, this plant is toxic to livestock. WRA: 13 Origin, Distribution, and Habitat: C. madagascariensis is native to Madagascar. This pest is present on Oʻahu and Molokaʻi. C. madagascariensis grows on a variety of soils and sand. This pest thrives on river beds. Dispersal, Seed bank, and Maturity: C. madagascariensis is primarily wind dispersed or water dispersed (if habitat provides the opportunity for floating seeds). This is a prolific seeder with the seeds remaining viable for 1 year. C. madagascariensis matures in 5-7 months.

11 Chinese privet Description: L. sinense is a shrub up to 15 tall. The oblong leaves are 2 ½ long and grow opposite. The stems and underside of leaves have fine hairs. Small, white, flowers with 4 petals grow in clusters at the end of the branches. The blue fruit is less than ¼ and contains one hard seed. Ligustrum sinense Luigi Rignanese Impacts: L. sinense forms dense impenetrable thickets and crowds out native plants. It will dominate the shrub layer of a disturbed forest and prevent regeneration of native species. It is highly flammable in landscaping. L. sinense is associated with the poisoning of livestock (mainly horses) and people. WRA: 11 Luigi Rignanese Origin, Distribution, and Habitat: L. sinense is native to China. L. Luigi Rignanese sinense is present on Big Island and Oʻahu. Other island distribution unknown. L. sinense will grow in clay, loam, and sands. This plant also has some salt tolerance. Dispersal, Seed bank, and Maturity: L. sinense is primarily dispersed by birds. Also spreads vegetatively with root shoots. L. sinense is a prolific seeder but most seeds loose viability within 1 year. L. sinense matures at 4 years. 11

12 Grape Ivy Description: C. nodosa is a large vine. The leaves are 2½ -7 long and 1-2 wide. They have serrated edges. The small red to purple flowers grow in clusters. Some have spiral tendrils opposite the leaves. The dark red berries are about 1 and have one or two seeds. Impacts: C. nodosa is large vine with a smothering growth habit. It will quickly climb nearby trees and structures. WRA: 8 Origin, Distribution, and Habitat: C. nodosa is native to Indonesia and Malaysia. It is present on Big Island and Oʻahu. Other island distribution unknown. C. nodosa grows in a variety of soil conditions. Dispersal, Seed bank, and Maturity: C. nodosa is bird dispersed. This plant is easily propagated from stem cuttings (possibly vegetative fragmentation but no evidence from natural settings). C. nodosa is not a prolific seeder. Seed bank and maturity are unknown. Marie Fourdrigniez Cissus nodosa

13 Velvetleaf glorybower Clerodendrum macrostegium Description: C. macrostegium is a large shrub or tree up to 20 tall. It has large, velvety leaves. The leaves are 5-12 long and grow opposite. The white and lilac flowers (1 ½ ) are surrounded by large, showy white, lilac and green bracts. The dark glossy purple fruit is round and about ¼ - ½. Impacts: C. macrostegium forms dense thickets crowding out native plants. This pest is known to naturalize outside of its native range. WRA: 8 Origin, Distribution, and Habitat: C. macrostegium is native to the Philippines. It has been noted on Oʻahu. Other island distribution unknown. C. macrostegium grows in moist forests and disturbed areas at lower elevations. Dispersal, Seed bank, and Maturity: C. macrostegium seeds are bird dispersed. This pest spreads prolifically by root suckers. C. macrostegium seed bank and maturity unknown. Photos: Lissa Fox 13

14 Tubaroot / Poisonvine Description: D. elliptica is a large climbing shrub or vine long. The leaves are leaflets of 4-6 pairs of oblong shaped 6 long leaflets. They are silky underneath. The small pink or red flowers grow in stalked clusters up to 1 long. The flat, leathery fruit is 3 long and narrowly winged along the sides. Derris elliptica Impacts: D. elliptica aggressively grows, strangling any vegetation in its way. It forms a dense canopy, shading out any plants below. This pest tends to become naturalized in regions where it is planted. It has been noted that Derris root extracts can to be toxic to fish, animals, and humans. WRA: 7 Origin, Distribution, & Habitat: D. BIISC ED elliptica is native from India to Indonesia. This pest has been reported on Oʻahu, Maui and Big Island. Dispersal, Seed bank, & Maturity: D. elliptica is spread by water: seeds and fragments float. D. elliptica is not selfcompatible. Also, spreads vegetatively. D. elliptica matures in as little as 18 months. Seed bank unknown but likely longlasting due to its hard seeds.

15 Brown salwood Acacia mangium Description: A. mangium is tree up to 90 tall. The straight trunk can make up over half the tree s height. Young trees have smooth greenish bark. Older trees have pale greybrown to dark brown bark that is rough and furrowed. The leaf-like phyllodes are narrow at the base and widen in the middle (generally 4-11 long and 1¼-4 wide) with 3 or 4 veins running up it. The small cream flowers are loosely arranged into spikes 2-5 long. The leathery pods are openly twisted or tightly spiral coiled. The pods are filled with small black seeds. Impacts: A. mangium shades out the understory. It is a fast growing tree that produces numerous seeds. WRA: 8 Origin, Distribution, and Habitat: A. mangium is native to Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia. This pest was noted on Oʻahu and Maui. A. mangium grows in a variety of soils. Photos: Dispersal, Seed bank, & Maturity: A. mangium is selfpollinating and bird dispersed. A. mangium is a prolific seeder and forms a seed bank with seeds viable up to 2 years. This pest matures in 1-4 years. 15

16 Contact Information Kauai Invasive Species Committee Report-a-Pest Form K Kuamoo Road Kapaa, HI Name: Date of Pest sighting: Phone: Name of pest that you are reporting: Description: Plant: size, flower color, growth form, fruit color, leaf size and shape. Insect: size, color, habitat found in. Animal: Dead/alive, description of behavior, number of animals observed, length, shape of head, color/patterns, tail description, habitat found in. Location: Street address, cross streets, mile marker, place name, trail name. Additional Comments: